Multifrequency and Modulation Fluorometry 1 Phase

General Aspects Determination of characteristic fluorescence parameters i.e. spectral properties, quantum yields, polarizations, and lifetimes, is important in the study of excited states of atoms, molecules, and crystals and also for diagnostic purposes in the physical, chemical, biological, and medical sciences. The appeal of fluorescence methodologies lies in their intrinsic sensitivity and also in the characteristic time scale of the emission process. The excited fluorescent state typically persists for nanoseconds or less, a period that corresponds to the time scale of many important biological